Gas Introduction
Helium, an inert element with the symbol He, is a type of rare gas. Helium is typically a colorless and odorless gas, and is the only substance that cannot solidify at standard atmospheric pressure. The application of helium is mainly as a protective gas, working fluid for gas cooled nuclear reactors, and ultra-low temperature refrigerant. In addition, due to its lower density and stable properties compared to air, helium can also serve as a rising gas.
Helium exists in the entire universe, accounting for 23% by mass, second only to hydrogen. But in nature, it mainly exists in natural gases or radioactive ores. In the Earth’s atmosphere, the concentration of helium is very low, only one in 520000. The helium contained in radioactive minerals on Earth is a product of alpha decay. Helium contains economically valuable amounts in some natural gases, up to 7%. In the United States, helium accounts for approximately 1% of natural gas, and in surface air, it contains 4.6 cubic centimeters of helium per cubic meter, accounting for approximately 0.0005% of the total volume. Its density is only 7.2 times that of air, making it the gas with the lowest density after hydrogen.
Helium is the least reactive element among all elements and is extremely difficult to form compounds because its atomic nucleus is very close to the electron layer and has reached a stable structure. Its properties determine its use, and helium is mainly used as a protective gas, working fluid for gas cooled nuclear reactors, and ultra-low temperature refrigerant.

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